Do video games improve cognitive performance in children?

Children who play video games for three hours or more each day may have improved impulse control and working memory, according to new research.

The study of almost 2000 children was published in JAMA Network Open, and analysed data from the ongoing Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse [NIDA] and other entities of the US Government’s National Institutes of Health).

“This study adds to our growing understanding of the associations between playing video games and brain development,” said Nora Volkow, NIDA Director.

“Numerous studies have linked video gaming to behaviour and mental health problems. This study suggests that there may also be cognitive benefits associated with this popular pastime, which are worthy of further investigation.”

Although a number of studies have investigated the relationship between video gaming and cognitive behaviour, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the associations are not well understood. Only a handful of neuroimaging studies have addressed this topic, and the sample sizes for those studies have been small, with fewer than 80 participants.

How the study was run

To address this research gap, scientists at the University of Vermont, Burlington, analysed data obtained when children entered the ABCD Study at ages nine and 10 years old. The research team examined survey, cognitive, and brain imaging data from nearly 2000 participants from within the bigger study cohort.

They separated these children into two groups — those who reported playing no video games at all, and those who reported playing video games for three hours per day or more. This threshold was selected as it exceeds the American Academy of Pediatrics screen time guidelines, which recommend that video gaming time be limited to one to two hours per day for older children. For each group, the investigators evaluated the children’s performance on two tasks that reflected their ability to control impulsive behaviour and to memorise information, as well as the children’s brain activity while performing the tasks.

The researchers found that the children who reported playing video games for three or more hours per day were faster and more accurate on both cognitive tasks than those who never played. They also observed that the differences in cognitive function observed between the two groups was accompanied by differences in brain activity. Functional MRI brain imaging analyses found that children who played video games for three or more hours per day showed higher brain activity in regions of the brain associated with attention and memory than did those who never played. At the same time, those children who played at least three hours of videogames per day showed more brain activity in frontal brain regions that are associated with more cognitively demanding tasks and less brain activity in brain regions related to vision.

Theories on why video gaming may be beneficial

The researchers think these patterns may stem from practicing tasks related to impulse control and memory while playing videogames, which can be cognitively demanding, and that these changes may lead to improved performance on related tasks. Furthermore, the comparatively low activity in visual areas among children who reported playing video games may reflect that this area of the brain may become more efficient at visual processing as a result of repeated practice through video games.

While prior studies have reported associations between video gaming and increases in depression, violence and aggressive behaviour, this study did not find that to be the case. Though children who reported playing video games for three or more hours per day did tend to report higher mental health and behavioural issues compared to children who played no video games, the researchers found that this association was not statistically significant, meaning that the authors could not rule out whether this trend reflected a true association or chance. They note that this will be an important measure to continue to track and understand as the children mature.

Further, the researchers stress that this cross-sectional study does not allow for cause-and-effect analyses, and that it could be that children who are good at these types of cognitive tasks may choose to play video games. The authors also emphasise that their findings do not mean that children should spend unlimited time on their computers, mobile phones or TVs, and that the outcomes likely depend largely on the specific activities children engage in. For instance, they hypothesise that the specific genre of video games, such as action-adventure, puzzle-solving, sports or shooting games, may have different effects for neurocognitive development, and this level of specificity on the type of video game played was not assessed by the study.

The outcome

“While we cannot say whether playing video games regularly caused superior neurocognitive performance, it is an encouraging finding, and one that we must continue to investigate in these children as they transition into adolescence and young adulthood,” said Bader Chaarani, assistant professor of psychiatry at the University of Vermont and the lead author on the study.

“Many parents today are concerned about the effects of video games on their children's health and development, and as these games continue to proliferate among young people, it is crucial that we better understand both the positive and negative impact that such games may have.”

Image credit: iStock.com/EKKAPHAN CHIMPALEE